Biomechanics and Weight Loss

2008-06-20T16:11:00.068+01:00

INTRODUCTION

2008-06-20T15:48:00.001+01:00

There is no country in the world where obesity is not rising and on the other side, no country has successfully tackled problem of obesity and the reason for that doesn’t lie in people’s lack of will to change their lifestyle, but it is because the basic science of weight gain and weight loss is based on misconceptions. The basic science about weight gain/weight loss is wrong and that is the reason that till now, no one was able to pinpoint the real factors that in recent decades caused huge increases of obesity and the severity of obesity.

In this book, there is a ground breaking discovery of the biological basis of fat formation on the body and the underlying mechanism of the body fat distribution. Discoveries revealed in this book will enable to efficiently and effectively solve the problem of obesity.

The first part of this book contains five chapters.

· In chapter one, it will be explained that the basic knowledge about weight gain and weight loss is based on a misconception.

· Chapter two will explain the biological basis of weight gain and weight loss, including the body fat mass formation.

· Chapter three will explain the underlining mechanism of body weight distribution, including the body fat distribution.

· Chapter four will explain the biomechanics of sitting and as well as how the sitting furniture determines to a greater extent the biomechanics of sitting. In this chapter, it will be explained how the cure for diabetes type 2 can be far simpler than a man could have imagined. In the same chapter, it will be explained that change of the sitting furniture in recent decades are responsible for the increase in overweight and obesity, and is also responsible for the epidemics of certain negative health conditions.

· In chapter five, the underlining mechanism of weight gain and weight loss will be explained using examples like excessive skin, gynecomastia etc.

Also, this book will explain why humans are the only ones who are able to gain over 500% or more body weight above their normal body weight, and why all other species are not.

It is not only going to explain the biological basis of body fat formation, but it will also explain the biological basis of bone mass formation like why bones are getting bigger in size etc.

I pinpointed the change in the environment that has occurred over the past few decades that has caused such an increase in the prevalence and severity of obesity.

In this book, I will explain why obese parents are many more times likely to raise obese children, and how to prevent and reverse this problem.

In the second part of this book, the POSTURAL AND MOTOR SKILL EXERCISES will be described for the first time ever, which will enable everyone in a short time to cure obesity and to improve their own health and wellbeing (the second part of the book has an introduction on its own).

This book will enable the human race again to live without fear from obesity and to have normal relations with food, as the majority of the world population used to do just a few decades ago.

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – Colour Edition

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT COUNTING CALORIES AND WEIGHT CONTROL

2008-06-20T15:40:00.003+01:00

First, there is nothing wrong with the method used to determine the number of calories in food. However, “the counting calories” is the wrong method to determine how many calories will be fully metabolised. For example; an intake of 3500kcl does not mean that there is 3500kcl involved. The human body will take only a number of calories that it needs and the rest will discarded as metabolic waste and excreted.

The difference between the energy intakes and the energy discarded and excreted as metabolic waste is the amount of energy that is fully metabolised.

The present scientific understanding saying states that if we intake more energy the body needs for basal metabolic rate plus energy spend through physical activity, the exceeded number of calories will be converted in fat mass and stored in the fat tissues for later use.
The fact is that some available energy in the food the body simply does not use but discards and excrete it as metabolic waste (mainly through the digestive and urinary systems).
This energy is not wasted due to an imperfection of the system. It is rejected by the body. This energy was offered to the body but it was rejected (because body does not need this energy) and a human body excretes rejected energy as metabolic waste.

Even if we know how much energy is fully metabolised, we still can’t predict the exceeded number of calories that the body will use because some absorbed calories (metabolized food) body excrete through the skin and hair.
One sort of energy what the body excrete is energy what the body does not convert but excretes mainly through the digestive and urinary system (faecal energy) and another sort is the energy what the body first metabolises and later excrete as metabolic waste through skin and hair, (for example some people have more greasy skin and/or more greasy hair than another).

The accepted dogma that weight gain of the fat mass is “simply mater of balance” between the calories intake and the calories burn out is supported by wrongly applying the Laws of Thermodynamics in the understanding of what is happening with the energy in a living organism.

In practical term it is possible to apply the Laws of Thermodynamics (First and Second) only in a close system where no energy coming in and no energy going out (all energy that coming in and out is measurable). That is the case with any mechanical engine. In the case of the human body, some energy is going out (the energy that practically isn’t possible to measure).

Applying the law of thermodynamics on humans doesn’t explain anything concerning the weight gain/weight loss.
The “counting calories” as a scientific method to understand and control the weight of the body was introduced at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century and quickly was accepted as an unquestionable scientific truth by the medical establishment and the rest of population.

In reality, the calories are just a measurement of the heat produced when the food is burned in laboratories to dry powder ashes. In living organisms, this kind of process (burning) never happens, because the metabolic waste isn’t dry powder ashes and on the other side some energy leave the body before is fully metabolised and some energy leave the body after is metabolised. This fact alone shows that it is pointless to apply the Law of Thermodynamics to explain the occurrences of the weight gain/weight loss in humans or any other species.

After introducing the “counting calories” by the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century as a “scientific” way of understanding and controlling body weight, majority of the people wrongly assumed that they know why people get overweight and obese. Since that time, the human body has been perceived as a container where unused energy from food intake is stored as fat mass in fat tissues.

The entire science of obesity and the entire weight loss industry (diet and/or exercise, medications, WLS) is based on such a misconception with grave consequences for so many people.
How that happened, that already one century long, “counting calories” is accepted as a scientific way of understanding the fat formation on the body and at the same time accepted as basic for any intervention in regulation of the weight of the body, it’s beyond rationale explanation.
Introducing the counting calories as a method to understand weight gain/weight loss has the consequence that many people ranging from scientist involved in research and treatment of obesity to simple people thinks that metabolic waste is calories free.
This misconception is greatly responsible for an increase in obesity, especially in the last twenty-five years because without really understanding the biological basis/underlining mechanism of fat formation on the body, the human is not able to counteract the obesity and is not able to discover the real cause for nowadays epidemical proportion incidence of obesity and the severity of obesity.

The modern humans understanding of the cause for building fat tissues is based on “counting calories” and it was introduced by the end of nineteen and beginning of twentieth century.
Since then, it is accepted as an unquestionable scientific fact that the increase of the food intake and/or decrease of physical activity is responsible for weight gain and that the decrease of food intake and/or the increase of physical activity are responsible for weight loss.

From such understanding came the theory of the cause for building fat tissues and it says; “unused calories intake body storage as fat tissues for late use”.

To support the theory of building fat tissues already accepted as unquestionable scientific fact, it comes the theory that because of genetic factors “different body’s burn energy at different speed”. To support the theory based on genetics (different body burn energy at different speed) came “hunter/gathered gene” theory and many another theories.

The each new theory of fat formation on the body and cause of obesity is made up to support the credibility of already existing ones.

Every new theory about the cause of obesity is hailed as scientific break-through and quickly accepted as an unquestionable scientific fact.............followed by the increase of obesity in all population groups.

P. S. Nowadays, the scientists involved in the research of obesity are using a number of tools (“highly precise instruments”) to assess energy expenditure in humans. The most common approach to calculate energy expenditure in humans is to quantify rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production (indirect calorimetry).....

In the end the all this “scientific” work using this “highly precise instruments” to assess energy expenditure in the humans are pointless because the basic knowledge of fat formation on the body is based on the misunderstanding

The majority of people are impressed with the Science of Genetics and they easily accept the theory that obesity is in smaller or greater extent genetically determined and that the fat distribution on the body is genetically predetermined........?

Any discussion about scientific validity of theories about genetic predisposition of the fat formation and the fat distribution on the body and the cause of obesity is pointless because the basic knowledge of fat formation on the body is based on the misunderstanding.

Any recommendations from the medical establishment and from self appointed health-obesity expert’s about treatment and/or prevention of obesity is dangerous for human health because their understanding of the cause of obesity is based on the misunderstanding of the fat formation and fat distribution on the body.

Any known program based on diet or exercise or diet and exercise combined is based on the false knowledge about fat formation on the body.

Any known pharmaceutical invention for weight control is based on the belief that the body unused amount of energy in food intake converts in fat mass and storages in fat tissues. The fact that significant percentage of energy in food intake leave body as metabolic waste shows how any pharmaceutical invention for weight control is pointless and highly risky for the health.

Any known surgical program (weight loss surgeries) that nowadays is accepted as the reasonable way to treat obesity is the medical practice based on misunderstanding.

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition
Biomechanics and Weight Loss – Colour Edition

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ENERGY BALANCE AND WEIGHT GAIN-WEIGHT LOSS

2008-06-20T15:35:00.004+01:00

The second misconception in present scientific understanding of fat formation on the body is the “energy balance”.

We have been told that weight loss occurs because of a state of negative energy balance and that weight gain occurs because of the state of positive energy balance. Such explanation is accepted as unquestionable scientific truth by the entire scientific community.

Here are just two examples that reflect present scientific explanation of the occurrence of weight gain and the occurrence of weight loss.

According to Wikipedia, “Weight loss occurs when an individual is in a state of negative energy balance. When the human body is losing more chemical energy in work and heat than it is gaining from food or other nutritional supplements, it will catabolise stored reserves (or fat) inside the body.”

According to Association for Study of Obesity the “Weight gain occurs when the amount of energy (calories) consumed as food and drink exceeds the energy which is used for exercise and other metabolic processes of the body. This is known as positive energy balance. The excess energy is stored principally as fat. Each kilogram of fat stores approximately 9000kcal. This fat can only be lost when the body requires more energy than is available from food and thus draws upon its energy stores. This is known as negative energy balance.”

It sounds scientific, but let’s take a little bit of scrutiny on this unquestionable scientific truth.

How is it possible to describe the situation when a body is in a state of negative energy balance (at which point the human body is in a state of negative energy balance)?

Is it when the body is in a state of negative energy balance then, when there are no calories left in digestive system and at this point the body starts to “draws upon its energy stores” (literarily, bite fat tissues.....self cannibalism ..?)
Or is it that the human body is in a state of negative energy balance when there is 1kcal calorie left in digestive system and at this point metabolism start to “draws upon its energy stores”.
Or is it when the human body is in a state of negative energy balance and decide to “draws upon its energy stores” (literarily, bite fat tissues) when 5kcal is left in the digestive system, or when 10kcal or 50kcal or 500kcal is or when there is 2000kcal.
Same questions are applying for “a state of positive energy balance”; at which point is the human body in the state of “positive energy balance”?
Is it the human body in the “state of positive energy balance” when there is 1kcal in digestive system that body decide to convert this energy in fat mass for late use or is it when there is 5kcal or 10kcal or when is 50kcal or 500kcal or 2000kcal in digestive system.

To get the idea of how this scientific explanation is pointless you can discover in this way: In the time when you are reading this book ask your self are you at this moment in the state of “positive energy balance” or are you in the “state of negative energy balance” or you are in the state of grace with counting calories (calories in, equal calories out).
(It will be funny if such a misconception was not responsible for so many peoples misery.)

Any known intervention in the attempt to control weight of the body, (diet for weight loss, exercise for weight loss, pharmaceutical inventions, all WLS) is based on an understanding that weight gain occurs because of a state of positive energy balance and that weight loss occurs because of a state of negative energy balance.

The common understanding is that body will lose weight when it expends more energy than it takes in, and it sounds reasonable that energy to make up the shortfall must come from somewhere.
But the question is; when does the body expand more energy than what it takes in? is it when is one calorie left in digestive system or….
It needs to bear in mind that long before a body expands more energy than it takes in, the strength of the body will decrease to the point that it will cause an unconscious state and in a short time a death will follow parallel with the loss of the remaining strength. Still, the lifeless body (corpse) contain plenty of calories, (glucose, ketones, adenosine triphosphate, etc)
One important fact that needs to be taken into consideration is that a restriction of a food intake negatively affects the strength of the body on everyone; it doesn’t mater if a person is obese, overweight, normal weight or underweight.

Any mechanical engine stops to work when it runs out of energy or by an absence of sufficient energy supply. The human body stops to work when it runs out of strength.
The explanation that obesity occurs when the human body takes in more energy than it expends over a given period of time at the first moment sounds reasonable and it leads to the conclusion that the energy balance over period of time in biology is real. Only one fact needs to be taken into consideration that in the real world it is not possible to have a situation where the balance over a period of time exists, but doesn’t exist at a particular point of those periods of time.
In the real world, from nothing can’t turn into something, it doesn’t mater how long a period of time it is.

Concerning weight loss/weight gain, in the human body at any particular point, in any given period of time, the energy balance doesn’t exist.

Building body fat mass is not “a simply mater of balance” but it is a life process (biological process).

The “energy balance over period of time” has the meaning in physics, economics, climatology, hydrology etc and that is the fact that is misleading to the conclusion that in biology, energy balance over a period of time exists.

For example the financial balance over a given period of time is real. We do not need to know for each day what the financial situation is. It is enough on the end of the year to count how much was made and how much is spent. Do we know or do we not know what the financial situation is for each day is not important. What is important is that the financial situation for each day of the year exist (it is real) and if we like to know what is the financial situation for a particular day we are able to know. In each day of the year it is possible to know what the current financial balance is and that enables us to know what the balance between the annual income and the annual expenditure is.
Impossibility to know what the financial situation is in one particular day will make it pointless for any attempt to know what the financial balance is for one year.

In the case of energy balance (concerning weight gain/loss) it is not possible to locate the point in time when the body is in the state of positive or negative energy balance because the state of positive and state of the negative energy balance doesn’t exist.

Weather and climate balance over a given period of time is a real thing because we can see and know what is the current climate and weather situation and because of that, we can observe the change that is happening in climate and weather situation over a period of time. We can observe change that really happened.
The body weight is a real thing and we can observe change in the weight over any given period of time and as well as we are able to know exactly the weight of the body at any present point in a given period of time.

Any attempt to observe change on things that we can’t find, their existence at the present point of time (what is the case with the state of positive and negative energy balance) is pointless.
Naturally thin people and people affected by certain types of injury, elderly, and people affected by weightlessness and many another examples shows that scientific explanation based on energy balance to explain weight gain/weight loss is pointless.

Many examples from real life shows us that energy balance over a period of time doesn’t exist and on the other side, many examples from real life lead as to make the conclusion that still energy balance explains weight gain/weight loss.

Even bears are a good example that shows that energy balance over a period of time doesn’t exist. Bears eat plenty of food in autumn and gain the weight and over winter, they don’t eat and they lose the weight gained in autumn. First impression is that eating alone is responsible for weight gain and that absence of food is responsible for weight loss. But if we take a closer examinations we can see that even bears don’t gain weight in spring time and in early summer but they start to pick up the weight in middle of the summer and mostly in autumn.
If we undertake a closer examination the weight loss induced by weight loss surgeries we can discover some disturbing facts about the real cause of weight loss.

For everyone it is an unquestionable truth that weight loss surgeries force restriction of food intake and that causes weight loss.

Before we accept this conclusion it is useful to remind us that people affected with certain types of injuries involuntarily are losing weight.

Bearing in mind that certain types of injuries cause weight loss, it is reasonable to ask if restriction of food intake forced by WLS causes weight loss or is it something else.
One of the facts is that WLS forces restriction of food intake.

Another fact is that WLS is inflicting certain type of injury-the injury of the stomach. It leave open wound in the stomach that in many cases fail to heal.
Taking into account that people affected with certain types of injury involuntarily lose body weight strongly points that, in reality the patient that undergoes weight loss surgery does not lose weight because of restriction of food intake but because of the factor that is identical to the factor that is responsible for weight loss by people affected by certain types of injuries.

It is hard to believe, but this all evidence pointing that the theory that a body stores unused energy as a fat mass in fat tissues for late use is based on an incorrect assumption of the existence of the state of positive energy balance on one side and on the other side an incorrect assumption that metabolic waste is calories free.

In real life there are plenty of examples that clearly shows that building the fat mass (weight gain) on the body can’t be explained as simply a mater of a state of the positive energy balance, and there is plenty of evidence available that shows that building off the fat mass (weight loss) can’t be explained as simply a mater of a state of negative energy balance.
Restriction of food intake usually (not always) leads to weight loss. Involvement in moderate or rigorous exercise usually (not always) lead to weight loss. In both cases, the occurrence of weight loss is explained as a direct consequence of a state of negative energy balance and that is wrong.

In both cases, weight loss doesn’t happen because of a state of negative energy balance (the state of negative energy balance doesn’t exist) but because of the absence of required level of the strength and duration of mechanical stimulations on muscles, bones and fat tissues, that is, usually (but not always) caused by the restriction of food intake or by rigorous physical activity.

For example, on people affected by weightlessness (cosmonauts and astronauts) intake of food alone will not produce any weight gain. This means that in weightlessness food is essential for sustaining life but will not produce any weight gain as well as it will not prevent or slow weight loss.

To prevent weight loss and as well as to counteract other negative consequences for health caused by weightlessness, cosmonauts and astronauts spend a great amount of time doing exercises on specially designed exercise machines and devices.

Here on earth we have many examples when a regular or increased food intake doesn’t cause any weight gain and in many cases a normal or increased food intake alone is not sufficient to prevent or to slow involuntary weight loss.
A regular or increased food intake doesn’t produce weight gain on the elderly, the people affected with long standing illnesses, the people affected with certain type of injury and on the people affected by prolonged bed rest.

It is a widely accepted thought that the food intake together with the physical activity is responsible for building muscle mass and that the food intake and the physical inactivity is responsible for building fat mass but on the other side, the examples of people affected by weightlessness and people affected by prolonged bed rest, people affected with long standing illnesses and elderly it is clear that by absence of physical activity or by insufficient physical activity a regular or increased food intake will not produce any weight gain.
In all these examples it is clear that the food intake alone is not enough not only to gain new weight but is not enough to maintain the existing body weight.

While doing any physical activity we are using the strength of the muscles and the strength (solidity) of bones. Muscles (and bones) gain the strength because we are using them to do particularly physical activity. The muscle tissues (and bone tissues) gain the muscle mass because we are providing mechanical stimulation to the muscle tissues (and bones tissues).
It is a widely accepted thought that the increase of the muscles mass means as well the increase of the muscles strength and it is wrong. We can increase the strength of the muscle without increasing the muscle mass. And as well, we can increase the muscle mass without increasing muscles strength.
By doing any physical activity we are not using the fat tissues but in many cases we are providing mechanical stimulations to the fat tissues and that is the factor that maintains existing and builds new fat mass.
We are providing mechanical stimulation to fat tissues by unbalanced gait patterns and incorrect body posture.
Just slightly improvement in body posture and slightly improvement in locomotion efficiency (more balanced gait) will produce visible change in a few days by everyone and in the same time will positively affect healthy wellbeing.

Weight loss concerning fat mass of the body is not due to burning calories but due to atrophy of fat tissues. Atrophy of the fat tissues happenings because of an absence of required level of strength and duration of mechanical stimulation necessary for maintenance of the existing fat mass.

By simply observation we can notice the difference in the gait patterns and body posture between an obese and thin people.
The type of gait patterns and the type of body posture explains the fat formation and fat distribution on the body.
Observing the gait patterns of the bears we can notice that all bears of the same race have different gait patterns in spring and different gait patterns in autumn. Excessive feeding bears in springs will not produce weight gain on them. The changes in gait patterns in the summer enable the bears picking up on the weight. The weight gained causes the further change of the bears’ gait patterns.

It is known that with heavy exercise it is possible to achieve weight loss. But it is known as well that body doesn’t lose weight in time of doing exercise. Weight loss occurs after exercise is done. Body maintain elevating breathing rate for a few minutes after exercise and after that period regain pre- exercise breathing level.
The post exercise oxygen consumption doesn’t explain the post exercise weight loss.
In reality the post exercise weight loss is due to increased efficiency of locomotion and increased efficiency of supporting weight of the body against the pull of gravity. The increased efficiency of supporting and carrying own body weight is product of increased postural strength, postural stability and improvement in motor skill along with improvement of the body posture and gait pattern.

The increased efficiency of locomotion and the increased efficiency of supporting body weight against the pull of gravity cause decrease of mechanical stimulations on the bones, muscles and particularly on the fat tissues.

Post WLS weight loss occurs because of restriction of mechanical stimulation produced by working against the pull of gravity.

People affected with certain types of injuries and people affected with weight loss surgeries are losing weight for same reason. Change of the gait patterns and change of the body posture is responsible for occurrences of weight loss.

It shows that the restriction of calories intake with the intention to prevent building of the fat mass is wrong and as well the restriction of calories intake with intention to achieve building off the fat mass is wrong. Not only the restriction of food intake is wrong but as well the involvement in strenuous physical activity with intention to burn calories is wrong.

In an attempt to understand the real cause of obesity the “energy balance” is meaningless word and doesn’t explain nothing concerning weight gain/weight loss but is misleading and obstructing to understand how certain type of physical activity causing weight loss and how some another type of physical activity is causing weight gain and how certain type of physical activity by some people is causing weight gain and by some another people is causing weight loss.

Wasting away of the body (bone mass, muscle mass, fat mass….) in weightlessness is major obstacle to any possible prolonged space flight. In weightlessness, the only way to slow wastage of the bones, muscles and fat mass is to provide muscles, bones and fat tissues with mechanical stimulation and that is to the some extent possible by doing exercise on specially designed exercising machines and devices.

Here on the earth is to confront with reality that the food, water and air are essential for sustaining life but the mechanical stimulations is the essential factor for the maintenance of the existing muscles, bones and fat mass and as well for building the new fat, muscles and bones mass.

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – Colour Edition

FOOD, WATER, AIR, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND WEIGHT GAIN/WEIGHT LOSS

2008-06-20T15:18:00.000+01:00

[Abstract] .... ..... As long as we can trace human understanding about food, it was always known that food is essential for the sustaining of life and in the same time, food intake usually leads to weight gain and that the absence or harsh restriction of food intake leads to weight loss.

On the other side, the human understanding always was that some people gain weight more easily and some not so easily and that many never gain excessive weight, regardless of how much food they eat and how much they are physically active or inactive.

The fact is that by some people (“naturally thin people”) food intake doesn’t lead to weight gain.

It means that for naturally thin people, the food together with water and air are essential for the sustaining of life but doesn’t cause weight gain.

It was always a little bit strange that some people always have the same weight at the time when food is available, but people didn’t get a such conclusion that intake of food is not an important factor in weight regulation of the body because on the other side, there were plenty examples of starvation where the absence or harsh restriction of food intake causes weight loss by everyone (by naturally thin, overweight and obese) and when regular food intake leads to weight gain by everyone who had lost weight due to starvation.

The examples of starvation clearly show that extreme reduction of food intake for a considerable amount of time will cause weight loss to the point of skeletal proportion by everyone; it doesn’t mater if he is naturally thin, overweight or obese. (Need to bear in mind that not all people affected by starvation are able to reach the point of skeletal proportion because some of them will die from starvation before they lose significant percentage of their body weight.)

The next fact is based on another example from real life and it shows that if the people affected by starvation to the point of skeletal proportion, get enough food to eat on a regular basis, in short time they will regain weight. That fact strengths the conclusion that still the absence of food intake will cause weight loss and that the food intake will cause weight gain by everyone.

One contradictory fact came from human space travel. Since the beginning of human space travel it was known that the weightlessness alters the regulation of body weight. For the time of being in weightlessness, a human body is affected by atrophy.

In weightlessness the human body is losing muscles mass, bones mass and fat mass. In weightlessness the air, water and food are essential to sustain life but don’t have any significance for weight regulation of the body. A regular or an increased food intake in weightlessness doesn’t cause weight gain for anyone.

Even more striking is the fact that a regular or increased food intake in weightlessness won’t prevent or even slow weight loss (atrophy of the muscle and bone tissues and as well atrophy of the fat tissues). One another important fact is that in weightlessness the human body is losing strength.

For the time of being in an weightless environment, the cosmonauts and astronauts are spending a great amount of time doing exercises on specially designed exercises’ machines and devices and the reasons for that is to slow atrophy of the muscle tissues, fat tissues and bone tissues and in the same time to slow the loss of the body’s strength.

In a weightless environment, the only way to slow atrophy of the body and to the some extent counteract negative consequences for body strength and health caused by the absence of gravity is to provide the body with mechanical stimulations produced by working against the forces of specially designed exercise machines.
Working against the forces of exercise machines and specially designed devices enables us to some extent to slow the loss of the body’s strength. Mechanical stimulations produced by working against the force of the exercise machines and specially designed devices enables (to the some extent) them to counteract the wasting away of the muscles, bones and fat mass.

On the Earth, the body has weight because of the pull of gravity and the muscles and bones are (for most of the times on subconscious level) used to support the body weight.

In the weightless environment, a body doesn’t have weight and because of that fact the muscles and bones can’t be used to support the body weight.

The reason for the decline of the strength in weightlessness and the reason for decline of the strength on the earth are nearly identical. In a weightless environment the reason for the strength of decline is absence of the use of the bones and muscles (absence of physical activity) and on the earth the reason for strength of decline of the muscles and bones are insufficient use (insufficient physical activity).

The atrophy of the muscle tissues, fat tissues and bone tissues in the weightless environment happen because of the absence of mechanical stimulations on the fat tissues, muscle tissues and bone tissues.

On the Earth, the human body is provided with a few types of mechanical stimulations. One kind of mechanical stimulation is coming from impact forces. The impact forces appear each time when we step with the foot on the ground while walking, running and jumping. These impact forces reverberate from the bottom of the feet through the rest of the body providing mechanical stimulations to the body.

The walk is the act of propelling and transferring the body weight from one leg to the other leg. Walking with unbalanced gait has the consequence of, to some degree, falling from one leg to another and that has the consequence of producing stronger impact forces.

This means that one kind of mechanical stimulations on the body is the product of the impact forces produced by walking, running and jumping.

Another kind of mechanical stimulations is produced by the body’s own weight. Simplified examples are; the upper body weight is providing mechanical stimulations to the legs.

In reality, the weight of each particle of the body that is above is providing mechanical stimulations to the particle that is below.
In a standing position, the weight of the head and neck is providing mechanical stimulation to rest of the body. The weight of the upper part of the body is providing mechanical stimulations to the lower part of the body.

In sitting position, the upper body weight only partly provides mechanical stimulations to the upper parts of the legs and doesn’t provide mechanical stimulations to the lower parts of the legs.

In a position parallel with the ground (laying down position) the upper body weight doesn’t provide mechanical stimulation to the lower part of the body (but still the weight of each particle that is above is providing mechanical stimulations to the particle that is below).

One other fact that needs to be taken into consideration is that in a sitting position we are not using legs to support weight of the upper part of the body against the pull of gravity. Prolonged sitting will lead to decrease of the strength of the legs (due to a lack of use), and the decrease of the muscle, fat and bone mass of the legs (due to insufficient supply of mechanical stimulations).

The act of use of the bones and muscles is a factor that maintains and builds the strength of bones and strength of the muscles. At the same time the weight of the body is providing mechanical stimulations to the bone mass and to the muscle mass and that is one of the factors that maintains existing bone and muscle mass and builds new ones..... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – Colour Edition

UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION

2008-06-20T15:08:00.001+01:00

[Abstract] ..... .... All mammals (except humans) have nearly identical body shape when they are underweight, normal weight and overweight.

By humans whether they are underweight, normal weight, overweigh or obese, there is not so many different body shapes.
(Only in one case, the humans have nearly identical body shapes to each other and that is the case when the humans body, because of starvation, illness, aging etc, reach the point of skeletal proportion.)

Why are humans so different from each other concerning the body shape and concerning the body fat distribution?.........
.............[The full text of this article is in the Book]

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MODERN SITTING FURNITURE AND OBESITY

2008-06-20T15:03:00.001+01:00

Till recently even in the western industrialised world, the sitting furniture’s consisted mainly of chairs or benches with solid seat surface. Just a few decades ago, the upholstered sitting furniture like the arm chair, sofa and couch were uncommon household furniture’s.
Just a few decades ago in most parts of the developing world, the sitting furniture consisted of the simple seat with three or four legs and no back or arm rest. Till recently in most parts of the world, the sofa, couch, armchair and even the chair fitted with backrest was a commodity that just a small percentage of the population was able to afford.

Already for a few centuries, the majority of the world population where using chairs with a wooden seat and wooden bench, and in the last few decades huge changes happened.

Not so long ago, even in the industrialized world, the upholstered furniture was affordable only to rich people. Nowadays, due to the advance in technology, production and economic prosperity, it is available to a great percentage of the world population.

Nowadays, everywhere in the world the economic prosperity is followed by replacing the traditional style of sitting furniture with the modern style of sitting furniture. The traditional style of sitting furniture, mostly wooden chair and wooden bench is replaced with a chair with an upholstered seat surface, and a new style of sitting furniture like sofa, arm chair and couch was brought in the homes.

Production technology that made most of today’s upholstered sitting furniture is different from the manufacturing technology that was used just a few decades ago.

Just a few decades ago all upholstered sitting furniture was made using spring systems. Expensive sitting furniture was made using eight-way hand-tied springs that offer a firmer seat.
Less expensive sitting furniture was made using sinuous springs that offers a softer seat.

Nowadays, seats of less costly sitting furniture aren’t made with spring systems but they are only stuffed or padded with soft fuelling, mostly with polyurethane foam. Instead of spring systems that are still used by expensive sitting furniture, the upholstery of the cheap sitting furniture consists of high density polyuretane foams wraped in fabrics that provide far softer seats compared with the sitting furniture that is made by using the spring system.

Nowadays, only the expensive sitting furniture is made using spring systems and is mostly affordable to the more affluent population. Less costly chair, sofa, couch and armchair is upholstered by using polyurethane foam that provides a far softer seat is mostly affordable to the less affluent population.

Till recently, the big percentage of chairs were made without back support and nowadays, almost every chair is made with back support and that alone alters the way how muscles are engaged in the task of supporting the upper body weight in sitting position.

Nowadays, it is less and less common for chairs to have a firm surface of the seat and most chairs are having soft upholstered seat.

Not only are households replacing the old style sitting furniture with the less costly version of modern sitting furniture, but in public places like schools, universities, restaurants, etc, chairs with a firm seat surface are replaced with the less costly version of sitting furniture with a soft upholstered seat.

In recent decades, the food and life style didn’t change too much compared to change of the sitting furniture’s. The change of the sitting furniture changes the biomechanics of sitting. A few decades ago most overweight people were part of the rich population. On the other side, a few decades ago only the rich population could afford upholstered sitting furniture. But still, the morbid obesity was unknown, and one reason for that is that the seats of the upholstered sitting furniture were far less soft compared to today’s cheap version of upholstered sitting furniture.

Nowadays, the expensive upholstered furniture is made by using the same technology as it was used a few decades ago.

Nowadays, the prevalence of obesity among the affluent population is not much different than what was a few decades ago. – One reason for that is that they still use sitting furniture that is manufactured using the same system that was used a few decades ago.

Nowadays, the most obese, particularly the morbid obese people are mostly found among the less affluent population. – One reason for that is because they mostly use the less costly modern sitting furniture.

In times where sitting furniture was made mainly from wood without upholstering and mostly without back support, at the same time by the poor and the middle class population, obesity was unknown. At those times, the problem among the less affluent population was mostly being underweight and not overweight, and obesity or morbid obesity was unknown.

A few decades ago, there emerged a new technology of producing upholstered sitting furniture using polyurethane foam. On the other side, a few decades ago there emerged the problem of obesity in such proportions and severity that was unknown to any previous generation.

Modern less costly sitting furniture is the main factor that has caused the less affluent population to be affected with overweight and obesity to a far greater extent than among rich population.

In places in the world where sitting furniture with firm surface of the seat is still used, there is still no problem of overweight and obesity and there are still far less incidences of certain types of diseases, that in an epidemical proportion affect the industrialized world.

Modern upholstered sitting furniture, particularly a cheap version of the upholstered sitting furniture like upholstered chair, armchair, sofa and couch are the main contributing factors for increased prevalence of overweight and obesity throughout the world.

It is known that overweight and obese parents are more likely to have overweight and obese children. The Main reason for that is that parents and children use the same sitting furniture.

In households where the sitting furniture is equipped with firm seat and without arms or back rest, there are no obese parents and no obese children.

The parallel between the widespread of modern upholstered sitting furniture and the widespread of obesity is very strong.

Among pets like cats and dogs, the obesity was unknown till recent decades. The widespread use of thick soft carpet on the floor affect gait patterns of the household pets combined with the widespread of upholstered sitting furniture is responsible for incidences of obesity by pets.
Humans’ use the chair, sofa, couch and arm chairs for sitting and the pets are sitting on the soft seat of the sitting furniture but also on the carpet. In the house without upholstered sitting furniture where the ground consists of the wooden floor without soft carpet, there are no obese pets.

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition
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BIOMECHANICS OF SITTING

2008-06-20T15:00:00.000+01:00

[Abstract] .... .... By sitting on any surface, whether it is firm or soft, legs and feet are not used to support the body weight and they are not used to carry body weight, like they do by standing, walking, running jumping etc. Independent of the kind of seat we sit on for a prolonged time, the legs and feet lose strength and mobility, and the flexibility of the joints deteriorate.

Prolonged sitting on an upholstered soft seat has far more adverse affect on the existing strength of the legs and on the rest of the body compared to the adverse effect caused by prolonged sitting on firm seat.

In sitting position, the firmness of the seat determines the extent to which bones and muscles, particularly the buttocks bones and muscles are engaged in the task of supporting the upper body weight.
......... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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SITTING POSTURE AND MODERN SITTING FURNITURE

2008-06-20T14:39:00.001+01:00

[Abstract]
Sitting posture reflects the way muscles and bones are used in sitting in an upright position to support the upper body weight against the pull of the Earth’s gravity. While maintaining the body posture in standing and sitting position we are working against the pull of gravity.
The body has weight because of the pull of gravity. Supporting our own body weight is a work against the pull of the Earth’s gravity.

Doing physical activity or designed exercises for thirty or sixty minutes a day is meaningless amount of physical work compared to all day long work of the entire musculoskeletal system just to support the body weight against the pull of the Earth’s gravity.

Cushioned or upholstered sitting furniture like armchair, sofa and couch forces us to adjust our body posture to the softness’ of the furniture. When we sit on modern sitting furniture, literally we sink into them. Most of today’s arm chairs, sofas and couch are designed in such a way that it is nearly impossible to maintain correct body posture while sitting on them. When we sit, we are forced to adjust the body posture to the shape and to the degree of softness of the sitting furniture......
........ [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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BIOMECHANICS OF SITTING AND THE SENSE OF BALANCE

2008-06-20T14:36:00.000+01:00

[Abstract] ..... ..... Sitting on the soft and as well on the firm seat without leaning the back against the backrest has the consequence that the abdominal muscles and the lower back muscles are engaged in the task of maintaining postural stability.

Basically, the sense of balance together with the strength of the muscles and the strength–solidity of the bones enable us to maintain postural stability.

Whether we are sitting on the soft or firm seat while leaning the back against the backrest, we maintain postural stability with the decreased involvement of the sense of balance.

Leaning the back against the backrest while sitting on the chair has the consequence that the backrest supports the upper body’s upright position, but it doesn’t support the weight of the trunk and the most weight of the trunk is laying on the abdomen and the most weight of the trunk and the whole weight of the abdomen is laying on the buttocks or is supported by the buttocks muscle....
...... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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SKELETAL MUSCLES AND BODY POSTURE IN A SITTING POSITION

2008-06-20T14:31:00.000+01:00

[Abstract] ..... ..... There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the human body. Excluding the skeletal muscles of the arms, the primary function of all other skeletal muscles is to support and to carry the body weight.

All skeletal muscles in the human body depend on each other. Decreased or increased activity of one of them effect many other muscles.

Inactivity or decreased activity of the biggest muscle in the human body (gluteus maximus) has far reaching negative consequences for other muscles, and particularly for the abdominal and lower back muscles.

The gluteus maxsimus, or simply called the buttock muscle, is the outermost of the three large gluteus muscles that form each buttock in humans. Each buttock contains one big muscle (gluteus maximus) one medium size muscle (gluteus mediumus) and one small size muscle, (gluteus minimums). Prolonged sitting on a soft upholstered seat has the consequence that the significant percentage of the muscle mass in the human body is physically inactive....
.... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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SITTING POSTURE AND WEIGHT GAIN/WEIGHT LOSS

2008-06-20T14:14:00.001+01:00

[Abstract] ... ... It is very noticeable that people who spend plenty of time in sitting position have the upper body disproportional bigger compared to the legs.

By prolonged sitting legs are loosing strength, mobility and flexibility of the joints because they are not used to support and to carry the body weight, and on the other side, legs are losing muscles, bones and fat mass.

Even when a correct body posture is maintained in a sitting position only the upper part of the body, including hips and partly thigh are working against the pull of gravity but most part of the legs doesn’t.

While sitting on the sofa, armchair and couch muscles aren’t used to support the weight of the upper part of the body. At the same time, the weight of the trunk, neck and head is lying on the abdomen and the weight of the abdomen together with the weight of the trunk, neck and head is lying on the buttocks.

The upper body weight provides excessive mechanical stimulation on the abdomen only in an upright position and only in the case when the abdominal muscles don’t support the upper body weight.....
...... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition

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SITTING POSTURE AND MECHANICAL STIMULATIONS

2008-06-20T14:08:00.001+01:00

[Abstract] ..... ... Prolonged sitting on soft seat causes that the buttocks’ muscles aren’t supporting the upper body weight. In this case, the upper body weight is lying on the buttocks and it compresses the muscles, bones and fat tissues. The act of compression is at the same time the act of providing excessive mechanical stimulation to the muscles, bones and fat tissues in the buttocks.

The presence of excessive mechanical stimulations on the fat tissues causes progression of the fat mass. On the other side, the absence of mechanical stimulations on the fat tissues causes regression of the fat mass.

The absence of mechanical stimulations that are caused by physical inactivity causes destructive regression of fat mass.

The absence of mechanical stimulation caused by improved efficiency of supporting and carrying the body weight causes productive regression of fat mass.....
.... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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WEIGHT LOSS SURGERIES, DIABETES AND THE BIOMECHANICS OF SITTING AND WALKING

2008-06-20T13:53:00.004+01:00

Weight loss surgeries and diabetes

According to a great number of published studies, diabetes type 2 can be cured by gastric bypass surgery in 80-100% of severely obese patients. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is reversed in up to 90% of patients; usually it leads to a normal blood sugar without medication, sometimes within days of surgery.

If the excessive fat mass around the abdomen is contributing factor to diabetes, than the loss of fat mass around the abdomen should be somehow connected with the diabetes cure but is not.

It is clear that the cure of diabetes after obesity surgery is not due to weight loss because it usually occurs within days of surgery, which is before any weight loss occurs or before significant weight loss occurs.

This leads to the conclusion that excessive fat mass around abdomen and diabetes doesn’t cause each other, but both conditions are caused by some other factors.

The obesity surgery leaves the wound in the abdominal wall and the wound in the stomach. The abdominal wall wound heals in a mater of days, but the stomach wound takes much longer and in some cases, it fails to heal.

Even when the stomach wound is healed, there are still staples or band, depending of what kind of surgery is performed. Because of the wounds, the patient is forced to maintain optimal size of the abdominal cavity; otherwise the wound will be compressed. When the stomach wound is compressed the patient experiences increased strain or pain in the stomach.

The optimal size of the abdominal cavity is possible to achieve only by maintaining correct body posture. (In most cases, the patient doesn’t achieve ideal correct body posture, but it is forced to maintain much better body posture than before obesity surgery. Improvement of the body posture causes improvement of the size of the abdominal cavity).

Correct body posture creating the optimal size of the abdominal, chest and pelvic cavity, and on the other side, the incorrect body posture decreases the size of the abdominal, pelvic and chest cavity. (The size of the abdominal, pelvic and the chest cavity are in a causal relation. A decrease in the size in one of the cavity causes decreases in the size of the other two cavities.)

After the stomach wound is healed, there is still left a strange device like staples or lap band that force the patient to maintain the optimal size of the abdominal cavity.

When the abdominal muscles don’t support the upper body weight, the body shrinks in the waistline (a distance between the rib cage and pelvis decreases) and at the same time the living and working space of internal organs is reduced.

When the abdominal cavity size is decreased, the internals organs are compressed.

For some period of time after obesity surgery, the wound in the stomach constantly force the maintaining of the natural size of cavity, otherwise the patient will experience pain in the stomach. After some period of time when the wound is healed, the staples, lap band etc, that are left in the stomach, force in a similar way to maintain the optimal size of abdominal cavity as it is forced by the wound in the stomach.

Optimal-natural size of the abdominal cavity is possible to achieve and maintained only when the abdominal muscles are supporting the upper body weight. When the abdominal muscles don’t support the upper body weight against the pull of the Earth’s gravity the upper body weight is lying on the abdomen. Literally, the abdomen is squeezed by the upper body weight.
It can be noticed that by slouched- hunched body posture in sitting and as well standing position, the distance between the rib cage and the pelvic bone is reduced. On one side, the consequences of obesity surgery is that it forces a patient to maintain natural size of the abdominal cavity and on the other side it causes that the abdominal muscles are physically active even when a patient is sitting on the chair with soft seat and as well as when sitting on the couch, sofa and arm chair. It shows that obesity surgeries force improvement of the body posture in sitting and standing position and also forces improvement of the body posture for the time of performing locomotion. (The abdominal muscles are supporting the upper body weight in a sitting upright position and in a standing position and as well as for the times of performing locomotion.)

The wound-staples in the stomach force a patient to maintain the optimal size of the abdominal cavity. – The optimal size of the abdominal cavity is possible only to maintain, by maintaining correct body posture. - Correct body posture is possible to maintain only when the abdominal muscles are engaged in the task of supporting the upper body weight.

In the end, it shows that Weight Loss Surgery forces the abdominal and lower back muscles to be engaged in the task of supporting the weight of the upper part of the body against the pull of gravity and on the other side, it forces the maintenance of the natural size of the abdominal cavity.

The consequences of Weight Loss Surgeries is that in a sitting and standing position and for the time of performing locomotion like walking etc, the abdominal muscles are far more physically active than before surgery, and at the same time it force maintenance of natural size of the abdominal cavity or at least more optimal size of abdominal cavity than what was before the surgery.

The natural size of the abdominal, chest and pelvic cavity means the optimal working and living space for the internal organs.

One consequence of an improved body posture is that it enables optimal size of the abdominal cavity- optimal working and living space for internal organs.

Other consequences of improved body posture are that the abdominal muscles are far more physically active than before the obesity surgery (increased physical activity of the abdominal muscles without increasing the breathing and heart rate).

Improvement of the body posture goes along with increased physical activity of the abdominal muscles without increasing the breathing and heart rate.

It is very likely that improvement or cure of Diabetes mellitus type 2 can be attributed to improved body posture. Furthermore, it shows that cure for diabetes type 2 may be far simpler than anyone could have imagined.

From time to time, using conscious effort to maintain correct or better body posture in sitting position and for the time of performing everyday locomotion, combined with the involvement in postural and motor skill exercises should prevent and cure diabetes type 2.

Weight Loss Surgeries and Weight Loss

The weight loss after obesity surgery can be explained by analysing the change in the body posture and change in the gait patterns that is induced by obesity surgery.

The upper body weight is providing mechanical stimulation on the abdomen only in the case when it isn’t supported by the abdominal muscles. When the abdominal muscles are supporting the upper body weight, the upper body weight doesn’t lie on the waistline and abdomen and that has the consequence that it doesn’t produce mechanical stimulations on the abdomen. The absence of mechanical stimulations is the factor that causes weight loss (regression of the bone, muscle and fat mass).
It means that the improvement of body posture in sitting, standing and for the times of performing locomotion is responsible for weight loss of the excessive fat mass. The reduced physical activity is responsible for weight loss and also causes weight loss of the muscle, bone and fat mass (destructive regression of the fat, muscle and bone mass).

Another factor that is responsible for the weight loss after weight loss surgery is the reduced strength of the impact force. The abdominal wall wound and the stomach wound and later the staples or other surgical device that is left in the stomach like lap band etc, forces patients to take more care of how he transfers his body weight from one leg to the other. Before obesity surgery, the patient could walk while maintaining unbalanced gait pattern. After obesity surgery, the patient walks in such a way that he transfers the body weight from one leg to the other on a more balanced way then before weight loss surgery.

The wound in the stomach forces the patient to perform more efficient locomotion than what was the case before obesity surgery and after the wound heals the staples, lap band etc that is left in the stomach, force the patient to perform more efficient locomotion than what was the case before obesity surgery.

The improvement of the gait pattern causes improved efficiency of walking (efficiency of locomotion). - The improved efficiency of locomotion causes reduced strength of the impact forces. - The reduced strength of impact forces causes reduced strength of the mechanical stimulations. - Reduced strength of mechanical stimulations below the level necessary for maintenance of the existing body mass will result in the loss of the muscle, bones and fat mass.

Weight Loss Surgeries and Excessive Skin

The fact which is misleading nearly everyone is the appearances of excessive skin by patients who lose plenty of weight.

Present explanation for the appearance of excessive skin says that patient has lost weight so quickly, due to restrictions of calories intake and because of that; the skin isn’t able to shrink so quickly. Nearly for everyone, this is one more proof that obesity surgery efficiently causes weight loss, and further more, ensures the theory of weight loss based on a state of negative energy balance.

But if we take a closer look, we can see that what health experts and health correspondents call “excessive skin” is not only skin alone, there is plenty of human flesh, mostly fat mass, together with the skin.
It shows that “excessive skin” is an inappropriate term to describe this condition. The appropriate term for this condition should be saggy fat/flesh tissues.

The use of the word “excessive skin” to describe this condition is misleading in such a way that leads to the conclusion that forced restrictions of calories intake is effective way to loose the weight and is consuming so little time that skin doesn’t have enough time to shrink.

Using word that really describes this condition in this case is “saggy flesh tissues”, it shows that some part of the body doesn’t lose weight, it doesn’t mater how long and how harsh the restriction of food intake is. (Further reduction of the food intake will cause death before the patient loses the fat mass in the saggy fat tissues.)

The example of saggy flesh tissues/excessive skin shows that the layer beneath the skin of the human body did not lose weight after obesity surgery.

The fact is that the outermost layer of the body, together with the skin, did not lose proportional amount of weight compared to the whole body.

The reason for the appearance of the saggy flesh tissues/excessive skin is that the weight loss surgery forces improvement of the body posture and efficiency of locomotion but still doesn’t completely restrict the jiggling of the fat tissues.
The wound in the abdominal wall and in the stomach forces the improvement of patient’s gait patterns and improvement of body posture that has the consequence of reduced strength of the impact force. Reduced strength of the impact forces has the consequence of reduced strength of the mechanical stimulation on the bone, muscle and fat tissues below the maintenance level and that cause’s weight loss of the muscle, bone and fat mass.

In most cases, the patient improves body posture and improves the way of walking - gait pattern (improve the efficiency of supporting and carrying the body weight), but the excessive fat and muscle tissues beneath the skin continue, to some extent, to jiggle by nearly every movement of the body.

The jiggling of the fat tissues occur in most cases less than before the obesity surgery, but still enough to provide mechanical stimulation necessary for the maintenance of the existing fat mass that is located beneath the skin.

The impact forces and the weight of the body provide mechanical stimulation to the muscle, bone and fat tissues.

The jiggling of the fat tissues provides mechanical stimulation only to the fat tissues that are located beneath the skin.

This means that the jiggling of the fat tissues doesn’t provide mechanical stimulation to the bones and muscles tissues and as well as it doesn’t provide mechanical stimulation to the fat tissues that are located more inside the body.

The jiggling of the saggy fat tissues obstructs the loss of the fat mass in the tissues beneath the skin, and at the same time obstructs shrinkage of the skin.

In some cases, the jiggling of fat tissues is strong enough to produce excessive mechanical stimulation on them causing the building of new fat mass in saggy fat tissues.
The excessive mechanical stimulations produced by the jiggling of the fat tissues, cause weight gain of the fat mass only.

The cause for the appearance and existence of saggy flesh tissues and the cause for appearance and existence of excessive fat mass anywhere in the body, is the same.

Absence of mechanical stimulation on fat and saggy tissues will cause in a short time regression of the fat mass in the saggy fat tissues and shrinkage of the skin.

The excessive mechanical stimulations produced by the weight of the body and excessive mechanical stimulation produced by the impact force causing weight gain of the muscle, bone and fat mass.

The excessive mechanical stimulation produced by the jiggling of the fat tissues causes the weight gain of the fat mass only.

It shows that the weight loss after obesity surgery isn’t due to the restriction of calories intake, but is due to the forced changes of body posture in the sitting and standing position and is also due to the forced changes in the gait pattern.

It all shows that surgical intervention to treat obesity is a medical practice based on a misunderstanding.

Instead of altering a digestive system, it will be far more effective to be involved in postural and motor skill exercises.

It all shows that Weight loss Surgeries changes the biomechanics of sitting and changes the biomechanics of walking in such a way that increases the efficiency of supporting the body weight and the increase in efficiency of carrying our own body weight. Improvement of efficiency of supporting body weight against the pull of the Earth’s gravity in sitting and standing position and improvement of efficiency of carrying weight of the body leads to the regression of the fat mass.

Improvement of the body posture in sitting and standing position and as well as for the time of performing locomotion (walking) combined with the involvement in postural and motor skill exercise is a solution for the loss of excessive body weight and it is also an effective and efficient way to prevent and cure saggy flesh tissues and excessive skin.

Please note! My theory about the underlining mechanism that causes remission of
diabetes mellitus is based on the conclusion that I made on a pure analysis of
the weight loss induced by weight loss surgery. I didn’t have chance to convince
myself on the examples in real life. I believe and I hope that my theory about
diabetes will prove to be correct.

In the case of the weight loss,
weight gain and the body fat distribution I am convinced that my theory is
correct because my confidence is not only based on pure analysis, but as well on
many years of research and on a few experiments in real life.

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition
Biomechanics and Weight Loss – Colour Edition

INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD DISEASES AND MODERN SITTING FURNITURE

2008-06-20T13:46:00.000+01:00

[Abstract] ..... ..... Certain types of disease, so-called lifestyle diseases, appear to become ever more widespread as countries become more industrialized. It is already a few decades known that people in many industrialised countries have high rates of cancers of the colorectal, breast, prostate, endometrial, lung etc; by contrast, individuals in developing countries usually have low rates of these cancers.

On the other side when country become more industrialized so more households become furnished with modern furniture, particularly the traditional sitting furniture is replaced with arm chair, sofa, couch and chairs with upholstered, cushioned and padded sitting surface.

A few decades ago, the industrialisation in any part of the world didn’t effect to a greater extent to household furniture’s. In many Western countries, sitting furniture’s changed substantially in the second half of the twentieth century.

Nowadays, due to the advance in technology of the production of the cheaper version of upholstered sitting furniture, it is affordable to a great percentage of the population even in the developing part of the world.

It is common though that, those so called “lifestyle diseases” are different from other diseases because they are potentially preventable, and can be lowered with changes in diet and lifestyle. The reality shows that any intervention in people’s diet with the intention to tackle a rising trend in obesity and many other illnesses and diseases, produces the opposite effect from the expected ones. All over the world, the indigenous people that live a traditional lifestyle have different diets from each other, but only one thing which they have in common is the absence of modern style of sitting furniture, particularly the absence of the chair with back rest.....
...... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – B/W Edition

Biomechanics and Weight Loss – Colour Edition

COUCH, SOFA, ARMCHAIR AND DIABETES

2008-06-20T13:41:00.000+01:00

[Abstract] ... ... It is a fact that a generation ago, diabetes was viewed as a relatively rare disease. On the other side, it is a fact that just generations ago, the sitting furniture, like armchair, sofa and couch was relatively rarely common in households.

Just generations ago, diabetes type two was affecting the middle-aged and elderly. On the other side, just generation ago only the middle aged and elderly were spending significant amount of time sitting on upholstered, cushioned or padded sitting place.

Now, it appears that an "epidemic" is raging in every industrialized country, afflicting every socioeconomic and age group. On the other side in every industrialized country modern upholstered sitting furniture is much more common than what it was just a few decades ago.

The change of the sitting furniture changes the biomechanics of sitting.

The change of the biomechanics changes the body’s biochemistry.......

....... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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POST PREGNANCY WEIGHT CONTROL

2008-06-20T13:35:00.001+01:00

[Abstract]..... ..... Many women never had a problem with excessive body weight till pregnancy, and the first time they experienced this problem in weight control was after pregnancy. The reason for this is that pregnancy causes emotional and physical changes which cause changes of the gait pattern and body posture.

The type of body posture and type of gait patterns reflect the way how muscles, bones and joints work against the pull of the Earth’s gravity and on the other side; it determines the strength and distribution of the mechanical stimulations on the body.

Changes in the gait patterns and changes in the body posture, at the same time means the change of the body biomechanics. Any change of body biomechanics causes changes in the body biochemistry.......
...... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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HOLLYWOOD STORY – WEIGHT GAIN/WEIGHT LOSS

2008-06-20T13:33:00.001+01:00

[Abstract] .... ..... Some actors (for example; Robert De Niro and most recently-Renee Zellweger), chose to gain extra body weight for their role in the movie. They successfully gained weight for a particular role, and after the movie has been completed, in a short time, they quickly lost the previously gained weight and regained their previous appearance.

For “Obesity Scientists” of all kind (doctors, health guru, health activist, science correspondents, and most of the public in general) it is one proof for them, that everyone who gains weight can lose this weight following this guideline; for weight loss eat less – exercise more.

They use this examples to strengthen their pre-existing belief in the theory which says that to gain weight, we must eat more and exercise less, and to lose weight, we must eat less and exercise more (“a simple mater of balance”...?).

Question; when millions of people of all age try unsuccessfully to lose weight, how is it possible that some actors are able, seemingly so easily, gain and lose the body weight?

Answer; before some actor or actress starts to try to gain weight for their role, he or she already has . . . . .
....... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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THE LONG NECK WOMEN

2008-06-20T13:27:00.003+01:00

[Abstract] ... ... Even today, in some parts of the world, we can find the custom where the female population from an early age are putting series of golden rings around their neck in order to make their neck longer. On a simple observation, we can notice that no one woman with a long neck is overweight or obese, no mater what the relationship is between their calorie intake and their physical activity, and no matter what their genetic make up is. And all females from these folks have a lean body shape.

“The Long Neck Women” is one example that shows that the body posture and the gait patterns determine the weight and shape of the human body..... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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EXCESSIVE SKIN – SAGGY FAT TISSUES

2008-06-20T13:20:00.002+01:00

[Abstract] ... ... In many cases, weight loss is followed by the appearance of excessive skin. The most visible appearance of excessive skin is visible by rapid weight loss after obesity surgery.

It is a misconception that the appearance of flesh tissues is because of rapid weight loss, and the skin doesn’t have time to shrink. Usually, weight loss is followed by excessive skin/saggy flesh tissues, and this misleads us.

By observing the excessive skin on the body, we can notice that there is not only the skin, but also there is plenty of flesh beneath the skin.

Instead of using the term “excessive skin”, the more appropriate name would be “saggy fat tissues” or “saggy flesh tissues”.

The fat mass beneath the skin of the saggy fat/flesh tissues ranges from a few millimetres to a few centimetres thick.

The people who are affected with this condition can notice that when they are walking, on each step the saggy fat/flesh tissues are jiggling. The jiggling of the saggy fat/flesh tissues is a factor that maintains the fat mass and prevents the shrinking of the skin.....
...... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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GYNECOMASTIA

2008-06-20T13:10:00.005+01:00

[Abstract] ..... The cause of common gynecomastia lies in excessive mechanical stimulations. Because of incorrect body posture and unbalanced gait pattern, the breast tissues are exposed to excessive mechanical stimulations.

You can notice that by walking down the stairs, that by each step the breast tissues are jiggling. The jiggling of the breast tissues is a factor that at the same time means mechanical stimulations on the breast tissues.

Other types of mechanical stimulations that the breasts are exposed are caused by maintaining incorrect body posture in a sitting position.......
......... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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INTRODUCTION (Postural and Motor Skill Exercise)

2008-06-20T13:00:00.005+01:00

The purpose of doing postural and motor skill exercises is to improve the ability to support and to carry your own body weight.

The factors that enable us to support and to carry our body weight are; postural strength, postural stability and motor skills.

Postural strength enables us to support the body weight against the pull of the Earth’s gravity. Basically, the postural strength depends of the strength of the muscles, bones, joints and ligaments.

Postural stability enables us to maintain the body in an upright position, and this involves the sense of balance and postural strength. It is reflected in the physical activity of the muscles that are coordinated by the sense of balance.

Motor skills (gross motor skill) enable us to perform locomotion like walking, running, jumping, climbing, swimming, diving, etc.

The postural strength level is to a greater extent determined by the weakest point of the musculoskeletal system. For example, we can have a strong upper body and strong legs, but if the abdominal muscles are weak than our postural strength to a greater extent determined by the strength of the abdominal muscles..... ... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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BALANCED WALKING - ADVANCED LEVEL

2008-06-20T12:51:00.004+01:00

The kerbside in parks or in the street where there is no traffic gives us the opportunity to do one simple but effective exercise for the improvement of the postural stability and gait patterns. Occasionally walking for a few minutes on the curbside or on a similar object that is lying on the ground will positively affect postural stability and motor skill ability.

Any physical activity that forces us to put more effort than usual to maintain the postural stability (known as a balance) are providing mental stimulation to neuromuscular control centre (brain).
By habitually walking, we habitually maintain postural stability and we are not improving the sense of balance and by prolonged habitually walk, the existing sense of balance deteriorates.... .... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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PUSHING AN OBJECT IN DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THE PULL OF GRAVITY

2008-06-20T12:25:00.007+01:00

This exercise is effective for the prevention of shrinkage of the body height caused by ageing, and it is one of the most effective anti-ageing exercises.

A tree with branches near the ground is an ideal object for this exercise.
Stand under the branch and the distance from the branch and your head should be between one to two inches.
Put both your hands with the palms facing the branch on top of the head than rise up on your toes till you touch the branch with your palm, and try to push the branch with your hands and head for about a second long.

Repeat this action two or three times.
Immediately after performing this activity, you will have a felling of an overall better wellbeing.

For the time of doing this exercise, each and every particle of the body is exposed to the force of gravity that is stronger than 1G. As the stronger we are pushing the object, the more we are exposing the body to the force of simulated pull of gravity that is above 1G (simulated hyper gravity).

By doing this exercise, we are generating strength that is able to resist the pull of gravity above 1G, and that will have the consequence that we will be able, with more ease to resist the force of gravity that is 1G. By doing normal daily activity, we will be able to support and to carry our own body weight with more ease.

As we are able to support and to carry our own body weight with more ease, we will be able to maintain a correct body posture with more ease.

This exercise is in the same time a weight bearing exercise which is involving the whole body, and the resistance exercise involves each particle of the body.

Improvement of the postural strength and the postural stability will enable us to support and to carry our own body weight with more ease and that will positively affect physical and mental wellbeing.

We are taller in the morning than in the evening because of the constant downward pull of the Earths gravity and on each particle in our body.

Deterioration of postural strength has for the consequence of bigger differences between the morning body height and the evening body height. Increased differences between morning and evening body height have the consequences of increased loss in the body height over a period of time. Increasing postural strength is effective and the only way to prevent and to counteract the loss of body height.

“Pushing an object in the direction opposite to the pull of gravity” is one of the exercises which is not necessary to do on a regular basis. How long and how often to do this exercise should depend on the balance between these two rules. The first rule is; “the more you exercise the fitter you will be” and the second rules is; “everything should be done in moderation”. Occasionally practicing this exercise will positively affect postural strength and stability. (The more you practicing this exercise, the more you will be fitter to support and to carry your own body weight.)

“Pushing an object in the direction opposite to the pull of gravity” is a highly effective exercise for the loss of excessive fat mass.

Please note! You will not lose body fat mass by doing this or
any other physical activity because by doing physical activity, the body spends
more energy. Theories about weight gain and weight loss like “because of burning
calories body is losing weight” and “weight gain happens because of positive and
weight loss happen because of negative energy balance” are based on a
misunderstanding of the biological basis (underlining mechanism) of fat mass
formation. (On the one side, those theories are based on a misunderstanding of
the progression of the body fat mass and on the other side, on a
misunderstanding of the fat mass regression.)
The biological basis and
underlining mechanism of the regression of the fat mass, bone mass and muscle
mass is explained in the first part of this book.

The underlining
mechanism of weight loss that will be produced by doing postural and motor skill
exercise is: this physical activity will enhance your strength and mobility and
that will have the consequence of enhanced ability to support and to carry your
own body weight and it will enhance the gait pattern and body posture, and that
will result in the enhanced efficiency of supporting and carrying your own body
weight.

The enhanced efficiency of supporting and carrying your own body
weight will cause the absence of mechanical stimulation on the fat tissues. The
absence of mechanical stimulations (on the fat tissues) will cause fat mass
regression.

Being fit doesn’t mean having normally developed or overdeveloped muscles, but it means having the ability to support and to carry own body weight with some degree of ease.

The fitness level is determined by the easiness degree of supporting and carrying own body weight.

The improved ability to support and to carry own body weight will cause weight loss (fat mass loss).

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BALANCED STRETCHING EXERCISES

2008-06-20T11:49:00.004+01:00

Rising on the toes, while standing on a kerbside or on another similar object, is an excellent stretching exercise for the improvement of the postural stability, postural strength and strength and mobility of the feet. The best way to begin is to walk a couple of minutes on the kerbside and after that make a few hops and jumps from the kerbside to the ground before you try to rise on the toes.

When you are able to walk confidently on the kerbside, try to rise on the toes of both feet for just one second or less. Repeat two to three times and after that, continue to walk on the kerbside for two to three minutes.... ...[The full text of this article is in the Book]

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JUMPING AND LANDING SKILLS- ADVANCED LEVEL

2008-06-20T11:40:00.003+01:00

Jumping off the ground and landing on the kerbside (or any similar object) and jumping off the kerbside and landing on the ground will bring great benefit for the improvement of postural stability, postural strength, motor skill, improvement of mobility of the feet and agility of the whole body. Just two to three minutes of practicing this exercise (a few jumps off the kerbside to the ground and a few jumps off the ground to the curbside) somehow revitalising effect on the mind and body.
This is one of the exercises where the mind and body is involved. By doing this exercise, it is impossible to think what you have done yesterday or what you will do tomorrow, or what is happening now in some other place.
The improvement of motor skill ability is possible only by doing exercises where at the same time, the mind and body is involved.... .... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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CARRYING A WEIGHT

2008-06-20T11:16:00.007+01:00

Walking slowly and at the same time carrying some weight on the shoulders is an effective way to improve the postural stability and postural strength and the efficiency of locomotion.

By doing this exercise, do not attempt to carry too much weight. It is enough just to put some weight on the shoulders that we are able to carry without strenuous effort.

One way is to carry some loads on the shoulder and at the same time support with the hands. In this case we can’t use hands to help to maintain postural stability (known as balance) and because of that fact, we are forced to a non strenuous way to enhance postural stability and gait pattern..... ...... [The full text of this article is in the Book]

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SUMMARY ABOUT WEIGHT LOSS

2008-06-20T11:09:00.002+01:00

To prevent or to treat obesity is necessary to avoid prolonged sitting on the modern upholstered sitting furniture. Instead of sitting on the couch or similar sitting furniture take a comfortable lying down position while watching TV or just resting.

For the times of sitting, try to avoid or at least to reduce the time of leaning back against the back rest.

By driving car or just travelling as a passenger, there is no need to worry about leaning back against the back rest. One of the reasons is that the first concern should be safety, and the other reason is that by sitting in the moving car, train, ship etc the body is working constantly against the force of acceleration and against the force deceleration. The most where we have to pay attention about how we are sitting is when we are at home and in the office.

To prevent or to treat obesity, do not restrict normal calories intake. Regular food intake is essential for the overall health for everyone, and it doesn’t mater if he or she is underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese or severely obese.

On the examples of the people affected by anorexia and competitive marathon runners, I will tray to explain why any restriction of the food intake is unnecessary and dangerous and fruitless in any attempt to lose weight.

Between people affected with anorexia and highly competitive marathon runners, there are few similarities. Most elite marathon runners are medically underweight, and on the other side, the most people affected with anorexia are medically underweight.

By people affected with anorexia, the restriction of the food intake causes weaknesses of the body that it forces to perform locomotion in an extremely efficient way and on the other side, it restricts physical activity. Because of reduced physical activity on the one side, and on the other side because of an extremely efficient locomotion the body doesn’t get enough of the mechanical stimulations necessary for the maintenance of existing fat mass, bone mass and muscle mass. Among marathon runners, the duration and intensity of physical activity forces them to perform extremely efficient locomotion in order to fulfil this task. Extreme level of locomotion efficiency is responsible for the absence of required level of mechanical stimulations necessary for the maintenance of normal mass of the muscles, bones and fat mass.

Among people affected with anorexia, the reduced physical activity and increased locomotion efficiency is responsible for weight loss and on the other side, it enables them to stay alive by harsh restrictions in the food intake. Harsh restrictions of the food intake without decreasing physical activity, and without increasing efficiency of locomotion will not produce weight loss but loss of the life.

Among marathon runners, the extreme level of locomotion efficiency restricts weight gain and at the same time enables them to fulfil the task and to stay alive. Any attempt to finish the marathon without maintaining extreme level of locomotion efficiency will have fatal consequences.

It all shows that for weight control, it is dangerous and unnecessary to restrict food intake or to be involved in an extremely strenuous physical activity but is necessary to improve body posture and to improve gait patterns.

Involvement in the postural and motor skills exercises will cause improvement in the body posture and improvement of gait pattern, and that will lead to a healthy weight loss with far reaching positive consequences for the overall physical and mental wellbeing.

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Cause, Prevention and Cure for:

2008-03-24T17:41:00.037Z

Obesity, Saggy Fat Tissues, Gynecomastia, Excessive Skin, Abdominal Obesity …

In this book are the ground breaking discovery about cause, prevention and cure of obesity and ground breaking discovery about body fat distribution and body shape that will enable to solve the problem of childhood and adult obesity.

Printed: 182 pages, 6" x 9", perfect binding, white interior paper (80# weight), full-color interior ink, white exterior paper (100# weight), full-color exterior ink

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In this book, for the first time ever is explained how physical activity lead to weight loss and how in some case doesn’t. In the end it explain the underlining mechanism of weight loss whether is induced by physical activity, dieting, starvation, long standing illnesses, weightlessness, etc. - (At the present, there is plenty of evidence that obviously shows that physical activity has great benefit for health but there is contradictory evidence about role of physical activity as means of achieving weight loss.)

This book will enable humans to solve the problem of obesity in the UK and as well in the rest of the world. It will enable to completely reverse current obesity levels and it will for the first time give the people knowledge to manage not only body weight but as well the shape of the body.

It is fact that just a few decades ago the majority of world population used to eat without fear of obesity. Just a few decades ago for majority of world population the relation with the food wasn’t distorted by fear from obesity.

Just a few decades ago the majority of world population was free from obesity.

The particular environmental changes have caused such increase of incidence and severity of obesity and they are pinpointed and explained in this book.

Just a decade ago the morbid obesity was literarily unknown in the UK. There was overweight people but the severely or morbid obese people was rare. The problem of morbid obesity was unknown and nowadays it has reached epidemic proportion.

Obesity in UK has trebled in last twenty years but there isn’t any report or any data that shows how many times the prevalence of morbid obesity has increased.
With simple observation it can be concluded that the prevalence of severe obesity has increased ten or twenty times or even more. As obesity has trebled the morbid obesity today is ten or twenty times increased in just ten years.

The food and activity level didn’t change significantly in last decade. In this book I explain which environmental factor caused such increase of obesity and severity of obesity and how to reverse it.

Till now, any attempt to reverse or to hold rising trend in childhood and adult obesity till now didn’t produce any positive outcome because any known intervention is based on misunderstanding of real cause of fat formation on the body.

Any intervention to reverse obesity trend didn’t produce any positive outcome and the reason for that is that the present understanding about weight gain and weight loss is based on misconception.

On beginning of the book (in chapter 1) I explained by providing strong evidence which misconception have been made over the past decades that formed present misunderstanding about body fat formation/weight gain that is wrongly accepted as scientific.

Taking in account that obesity is factor in a number of chronic diseases and conditions including high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes type 2 shows that understanding the underlining mechanism of fat formation on the body will open way to understand the underlining mechanism of many negative health conditions like diabetes type one and diabetes type two etc.

This book contain necessary information how to prevent, treat and cure, obesity, abdominal obesity, gynecomastia, saggy fat-flash tissues, excessive skin, etc.

My groundbreaking discovery about how biomechanics affect the body’s biochemistry that will enable to the people to stay longer younger and it will enable them to reverse premature aging.

This book will save many people from misery of obesity and many people will relive from misery of obesity and as well it will open way to understand and to prevent and cure many negative health conditions that are correlated with obesity but at present are poorly understand.

In this book I explained by providing strong evidence that the biological basis of weight loss induced by pharmaceutical or surgical weight loss intervention and biological basis of involuntary weight loss that affect people affected with long standing illnesses, elderly and people affected with certain types of injuries and people affected by weightlessness is identical.

This book will make unnecessary any drug treatments for obesity, any surgical procedures for obesity and as well any to me known other commercial weight loss program.

Further more in this book is explained the biological basis for morbid obesity and as well is explained how to prevent, treat and cure morbid obesity.

My ground breaking discovery will not only enable to solve the problem of obesity, abdominal obesity, gynecomastia etc, but as well it will save many lives and save many people from misery of dieting, pharmaceuticals and surgical weight loss intervention.

On the other hand the discovery reviled in this book will enable everyone to quickly lose weight without dieting and without strenuous and exerting physical activity.

In second part of the book, the specially designed, non-strenuous postural and motor skill exercise will enable particularly to the people that are affected with negative medical condition on safe and effective way to lose excessive weight (without dieting and without involvement in strenuous exercise or involvement in exerting physical activity.

This specially designed postural and motor skill exercise doesn’t cause increase in breathing and hearth rate but effectively lead to improvement in body strength, improvement of the sense of balance etc and all that will lead to gain ability of carrying own body weight more ease with far reaching positive consequences for physical and mental health and for weight and shape of the body.

This book will shows that overweight children and adult and parents with overweight and obese children are in first place victims of pseudoscience and misconception about fat formation and body fat distribution but most important is that this book will enable everyone to lose excessive body weight on safe and efficient way that will go along with improvement of mental and physical healthy wellbeing.

Back Cover - Colour Edition

2008-03-24T02:25:00.019Z

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Cause, Prevention and Cure for:

2008-03-21T00:23:00.035Z

Obesity, Saggy Fat Tissues, Gynecomastia, Excessive Skin, Abdominal Obesity...

In this book you will find everything you need to know in order to prevent or to cure obesity.

This book will enable the human race again to eat without fear from obesity as the majority of the world populations used to do just a few decades ago.

Printed: 182 pages, 6" x 9", perfect binding, cream interior paper (60# weight), black and white interior ink, white exterior paper (100# weight), full-color exterior ink

Publisher: Luka Tunjic
Copyright: © By Luka Tunjic 2008 Standard Copyright License
Language: English
Country: United Kingdom

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2008-03-21T00:17:00.005Z

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Biomechanics and Weight Loss

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT COUNTING CALORIES AND WEIGHT CONTROL

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ENERGY BALANCE AND WEIGHT GAIN-WEIGHT LOSS

FOOD, WATER, AIR, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND WEIGHT GAIN/WEIGHT LOSS

UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION

MODERN SITTING FURNITURE AND OBESITY

BIOMECHANICS OF SITTING

SITTING POSTURE AND MODERN SITTING FURNITURE

BIOMECHANICS OF SITTING AND THE SENSE OF BALANCE

SKELETAL MUSCLES AND BODY POSTURE IN A SITTING POSITION

SITTING POSTURE AND WEIGHT GAIN/WEIGHT LOSS

SITTING POSTURE AND MECHANICAL STIMULATIONS

WEIGHT LOSS SURGERIES, DIABETES AND THE BIOMECHANICS OF SITTING AND WALKING

INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD DISEASES AND MODERN SITTING FURNITURE

COUCH, SOFA, ARMCHAIR AND DIABETES

POST PREGNANCY WEIGHT CONTROL

HOLLYWOOD STORY – WEIGHT GAIN/WEIGHT LOSS

THE LONG NECK WOMEN

EXCESSIVE SKIN – SAGGY FAT TISSUES

GYNECOMASTIA

INTRODUCTION (Postural and Motor Skill Exercise)

BALANCED WALKING - ADVANCED LEVEL

PUSHING AN OBJECT IN DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THE PULL OF GRAVITY

BALANCED STRETCHING EXERCISES

JUMPING AND LANDING SKILLS- ADVANCED LEVEL

CARRYING A WEIGHT

SUMMARY ABOUT WEIGHT LOSS

Cause, Prevention and Cure for:

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Cause, Prevention and Cure for:

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